Robert Burke Johnson & Larry B. Christensen 
Educational Research 
Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Approaches

Educational Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Approaches by R. Burke Johnson and Larry Christensen offers a comprehensive, easily digestible introduction to research methods for undergraduate and graduate students. Readers will develop an understanding of the multiple research methods and strategies used in education and related fields, including how to read and critically evaluate published research and how to write a proposal, construct a questionnaire, and conduct an empirical research study on their own. The
Seventh Edition maintains the features that made this book a best-seller, including attention-grabbing chapter-opening vignettes, lively examples that engage student interest, a conversational and friendly writing style, and more. With the support of this highly readable text, readers will transform into critical consumers and users of research.




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Inhaltsverzeichnis

PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

PART I. INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1. Introduction to Educational Research

WHY STUDY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH?

AREAS OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

EXAMPLES OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

GENERAL KINDS OF RESEARCH

SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE

THE SCIENTIFIC APPROACH TO KNOWLEDGE GENERATION

OBJECTIVES OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

DISPOSITIONS OF A GOOD RESEARCHER

OVERVIEW OF THIS BOOK

SUMMARY

KEY TERMS

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

RESEARCH EXERCISES

RELEVANT INTERNET SITES

RECOMMENDED READING

CHAPTER 2. Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THREE RESEARCH PARADIGMS

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS: EXPERIMENTAL AND NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS

MIXED RESEARCH (OR MIXED METHODS RESEARCH)

OUR RESEARCH TYPOLOGY

SUMMARY

KEY TERMS

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

RESEARCH EXERCISES

RELEVANT INTERNET SITES

RECOMMENDED READING

CHAPTER 3. Action Research for Lifelong Learning

DEFINING ACTION RESEARCH

ORIGINS OF ACTION RESEARCH

BASIC SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH VERSUS ACTION RESEARCH

TYPES OF ACTION RESEARCH

THE CYCLE OF ACTION RESEARCH

STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF ACTION RESEARCH

ACTION RESEARCH JOURNALING

ACTION RESEARCH IN THE REMAINING CHAPTERS OF THIS BOOK

SUMMARY

KEY TERMS

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

RESEARCH EXERCISES

RELEVANT INTERNET SITES

RECOMMENDED READING

NOTE

PART II. PLANNING THE RESEARCH STUDY

CHAPTER 4. How to Critically Review the Literature and Develop Good Research Questions

SOURCES OF RESEARCH IDEAS

IDEAS THAT CAN’T BE RESOLVED THROUGH EMPIRICAL RESEARCH

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

FEASIBILITY OF THE STUDY

STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

STATEMENT OF THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

STATEMENT OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS

FORMULATING HYPOTHESES

CONSUMER USE OF THE LITERATURE

ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION

SUMMARY

KEY TERMS

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

PROPOSAL EXERCISES

RELEVANT INTERNET SITES

RECOMMENDED READING

CHAPTER 5. How to Write a Research Proposal

FRAMEWORK OF THE RESEARCH PROPOSAL

STRATEGIES FOR WRITING EACH SECTION OF THE RESEARCH PROPOSAL

STRATEGIES FOR EVALUATING YOUR RESEARCH PROPOSAL

ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION

SUMMARY

KEY TERMS

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

PROPOSAL EXERCISE

RELEVANT INTERNET SITES

RECOMMENDED READING

CHAPTER 6. Research Ethics

WHAT ARE RESEARCH ETHICS?

ETHICAL CONCERNS

ETHICAL GUIDELINES FOR RESEARCH WITH HUMANS

INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD

ETHICAL ISSUES IN ELECTRONIC RESEARCH

ETHICAL ISSUES IN PREPARING THE RESEARCH REPORT

ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION

SUMMARY

KEY TERMS

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

RESEARCH EXERCISES

PROPOSAL EXERCISES

RELEVANT INTERNET SITES

RECOMMENDED READING

PART III. FOUNDATIONS OF RESEARCH

CHAPTER 7. Standardized Measurement and Assessment

DEFINING MEASUREMENT

SCALES OF MEASUREMENT

ASSUMPTIONS UNDERLYING TESTING AND ASSESSMENT

IDENTIFYING A GOOD TEST OR ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE

RELIABILITY

VALIDITY

USING RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY INFORMATION IN YOUR RESEARCH

EDUCATIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS

SOURCES OF INFORMATION ABOUT TESTS

ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION

SUMMARY

KEY TERMS

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

RESEARCH EXERCISES

PROPOSAL EXERCISES

RELEVANT INTERNET SITES

RECOMMENDED READING

NOTES

CHAPTER 8. Methods of Data Collection in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research

MIXING METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

TESTS

QUESTIONNAIRES

INTERVIEWS

FOCUS GROUPS

OBSERVATION

CONSTRUCTED, SECONDARY, AND EXISTING DATA

ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION

SUMMARY

KEY TERMS

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

RESEARCH EXERCISES

RELEVANT INTERNET SITES

RECOMMENDED READING

CHAPTER 9. How to Construct a Questionnaire

WHAT IS A QUESTIONNAIRE?

PRINCIPLES OF QUESTIONNAIRE CONSTRUCTION

PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER

ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION

SUMMARY

KEY TERMS

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

RESEARCH EXERCISES

PROPOSAL EXERCISE

RELEVANT INTERNET SITES

RECOMMENDED READING

NOTES

CHAPTER 10. Sampling in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research

TERMINOLOGY USED IN SAMPLING

RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

NONRANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

RANDOM SELECTION AND RANDOM ASSIGNMENT

DETERMINING THE SAMPLE SIZE WHEN RANDOM SAMPLING IS USED

SAMPLING IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

SAMPLING IN MIXED RESEARCH

ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION

SUMMARY

KEY TERMS

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

RESEARCH EXERCISES

PROPOSAL EXERCISES

RELEVANT INTERNET SITES

RECOMMENDED READING

NOTES

CHAPTER 11. Validity of Research Results in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research

VALIDITY ISSUES IN THE DESIGN OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

INTERNAL VALIDITY (I.E., CAUSATION VALIDITY)

EXTERNAL VALIDITY (I.E., GENERALIZING VALIDITY)

CONSTRUCT VALIDITY

STATISTICAL CONCLUSION VALIDITY

RESEARCH VALIDITY (OR “TRUSTWORTHINESS”) IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

RESEARCH VALIDITY (OR “LEGITIMATION”) IN MIXED (METHODS) RESEARCH

ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION

SUMMARY

KEY TERMS

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

RESEARCH EXERCISES

RELEVANT INTERNET SITES

RECOMMENDED READING

NOTES

PART IV. SELECTING A RESEARCH METHOD

Section A. Quantitative Research Methods: Five Major Approaches

CHAPTER 12. Experimental Research: Weak and Strong Designs

THE EXPERIMENT

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH SETTINGS

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE MANIPULATION

CONTROL OF CONFOUNDING VARIABLES

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS

ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION

SUMMARY

KEY TERMS

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

RESEARCH EXERCISES

RELEVANT INTERNET SITES

RECOMMENDED READING

NOTES

CHAPTER 13. Experimental Research: Quasi and Single-Case Designs

QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS

SINGLE-CASE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS

ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION

SUMMARY

KEY TERMS

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

RESEARCH EXERCISES

RELEVANT INTERNET SITES

RECOMMENDED READING

NOTE

CHAPTER 14. Nonexperimental Quantitative Research

STEPS IN NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES IN NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

SIMPLE CASES OF NONEXPERIMENTAL QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

THREE REQUIRED CONDITIONS FOR CAUSE-AND-EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS

APPLYING THE THREE REQUIRED CONDITIONS FOR CAUSATION IN NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

TECHNIQUES OF CONTROL IN NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (I.E., HOW TO DESIGN STRONG NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH)

INTERLUDE (THE STUDY OF CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY)

CLASSIFYING NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH BY TIME AND RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

THE TIME DIMENSION IN NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

THE RESEARCH OBJECTIVE DIMENSION IN NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION

SUMMARY

KEY TERMS

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

RESEARCH EXERCISES

PROPOSAL EXERCISES

RELEVANT INTERNET SITES

RECOMMENDED READING

NOTES

Section B. Qualitative Research Methods: Five Major Approaches

CHAPTER 15. Narrative Inquiry and Case Study Research

NARRATIVE INQUIRY

CASE STUDY RESEARCH

ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION

SUMMARY

KEY TERMS

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

RESEARCH EXERCISES

NARRATIVE INQUIRY EXAMPLES

CASE STUDY EXAMPLES

PROPOSAL EXERCISES

RELEVANT INTERNET SITES

RECOMMENDED READING

NOTES

CHAPTER 16. Phenomenology, Ethnography, and Grounded Theory

PHENOMENOLOGY

ETHNOGRAPHY

GROUNDED THEORY

ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION

SUMMARY

KEY TERMS

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

RESEARCH EXERCISES

PROPOSAL EXERCISES

RELEVANT INTERNET SITES

RECOMMENDED READING

Section C. Mixed Methods Research: Many Approaches

CHAPTER 17. Mixed Research

THE RESEARCH CONTINUUM

TYPES OF MIXED RESEARCH DESIGNS

STAGES OF THE MIXED RESEARCH PROCESS

LIMITATIONS OF MIXED RESEARCH

ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION

SUMMARY

KEY TERMS

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

RESEARCH EXERCISES

PROPOSAL EXERCISES

RELEVANT INTERNET SITES

RECOMMENDED READING

PART V. ANALYZING THE DATA

CHAPTER 18. Descriptive Statistics

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS

GRAPHIC REPRESENTATIONS OF DATA

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

MEASURES OF VARIABILITY

MEASURES OF RELATIVE STANDING

EXAMINING RELATIONSHIPS AMONG VARIABLES

ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION

SUMMARY

KEY TERMS

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

RESEARCH EXERCISES

PROPOSAL EXERCISES

RELEVANT INTERNET SITES

RECOMMENDED READING

NOTES

CHAPTER 19. Inferential Statistics

SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS

ESTIMATION

HYPOTHESIS TESTING

HYPOTHESIS TESTING IN PRACTICE

ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION

SUMMARY

KEY TERMS

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

RESEARCH EXERCISES

PROPOSAL EXERCISES

RELEVANT INTERNET SITES

RECOMMENDED READING

NOTES

CHAPTER 19 APPENDIX: TOTAL NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS RECOMMENDED FOR DIFFERENT STATISTICAL TESTS

CHAPTER 20. Data Analysis in Qualitative and Mixed Research

INTERIM ANALYSIS

MEMOING

ANALYSIS OF VISUAL DATA

DATA ENTRY AND STORAGE

SEGMENTING, CODING, AND DEVELOPING CATEGORY SYSTEMS

FIRST-STAGE AND SECOND-STAGE CODING

ENUMERATION

THEMATIC ANALYSIS AND CREATING HIERARCHICAL CATEGORY SYSTEMS

IDENTIFYING RELATIONSHIPS AMONG CATEGORIES

CORROBORATING AND VALIDATING RESULTS

COMPUTER PROGRAMS FOR QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS

DATA ANALYSIS IN MIXED RESEARCH

ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION

SUMMARY

KEY TERMS

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

RESEARCH EXERCISES

PROPOSAL EXERCISES

RELEVANT INTERNET SITES

RECOMMENDED READING

NOTES

CHAPTER 20 APPENDIX: ADDITIONAL TYPES OF CODES FOR QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

PART VI. WRITING THE RESEARCH REPORT

CHAPTER 21. How to Prepare a Research Report and Use APA Style Guidelines

GENERAL PRINCIPLES RELATED TO WRITING THE RESEARCH REPORT (I)

WRITING AN APA-STYLE QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH REPORT (II)

EXAMPLE OF AN APA-STYLE MANUSCRIPT

WRITING QUALITATIVE RESEARCH REPORTS

WRITING MIXED RESEARCH REPORTS

ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION

SUMMARY

KEY TERM

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

RESEARCH EXERCISES

PROPOSAL EXERCISES

RELEVANT INTERNET SITES

RECOMMENDED READING

APPENDIX: CITATIONS FOR JOURNAL ARTICLES NOTED IN THE MARGINS

GLOSSARY

REFERENCES

AUTHOR INDEX

SUBJECT INDEX

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Über den Autor

Larry Christensen (Ph D University of Southern Mississippi) is Professor and Chair of the Department of Psychology at the University of South Alabama. Larry is the author of several successful textbooks and has published more than 60 journal articles.