J. Robert Lilly & Francis T. Cullen 
Criminological Theory 
Context and Consequences

‘The best organized and most comprehensive theory textbook to use for both graduate and undergraduate students. It provides historical context to the theories, and the authors make it easier for students to relate theory to reality.’

                                                                                               —Mirlinda Ndrecka, Ph.D., University of New Haven



Updated Edition of a Best-Seller! 



Offering a rich introduction to how scholars analyze crime,
Criminological Theory: Context and Consequences moves readers beyond a commonsense knowledge of crime to a deeper understanding of the importance of theory in shaping crime control policies. The
Seventh Edition of the authors’ clear, accessible, and thoroughly revised text covers traditional and contemporary theory within a larger sociological and historical context. It includes new sources that assess the empirical status of the major theories, as well as updated coverage of crime control policies and their connection to criminological theory. 

Daftar Isi

Preface

Acknowledgments

CHAPTER 1. The Context and Consequences of Theory

Theory in Social Context

Theory and Policy: Ideas Have Consequences

Context, Theory, and Policy: Plan of the Book

Conclusion

Further Readings

CHAPTER 2. The Search for the “Criminal Man”

Spiritualism

The Classical School: Criminal as Calculator

The Positivist School: Criminal as Determined

The Consequence of Theory: Policy Implications

Conclusion

Further Readings

CHAPTER 3. Rejecting Individualism: The Chicago School

The Chicago School of Criminology: Theory in Context

Shaw and Mc Kay’s Theory of Juvenile Delinquency

Sutherland’s Theory of Differential Association

The Chicago School’s Criminological Legacy

Control and Culture in the Community

Akers’s Social Learning Theory

The Consequences of Theory: Policy Implications

Conclusion

Further Readings

CHAPTER 4. Crime in American Society: Anomie and Strain Theories

Merton’s Strain Theory

Status Discontent and Delinquency

The Criminological Legacy of “Classic” Strain Theory

Agnew’s General Strain Theory

A Theory of African American Offending

Crime and the American Dream: Institutional-Anomie Theory

The Market Economy and Crime

The Future of Strain Theory

The Consequences of Theory: Policy Implications

Conclusion

Further Readings

CHAPTER 5. Society as Insulation: The Origins of Control Theory

Forerunners of Control Theory

Early Control Theories

Reckless’s Containment Theory

Sykes and Matza: Neutralization and Drift Theory

Control Theory in Context

Further Readings

CHAPTER 6. The Complexity of Control: Hirschi’s Two Theories and Beyond

Hirschi’s First Theory: Social Bonds and Delinquency

Hirschi’s Second Theory: Self-Control and Crime

The Complexity of Control

The Consequences of Theory: Policy Implications

Conclusion

Further Readings

CHAPTER 7. The Irony of State Intervention: Labeling Theory

The Social Construction of Crime

Labeling as Criminogenic: Creating Career Criminals

The Consequences of Theory: Policy Implications

Extending Labeling Theory

Conclusion

Further Readings

CHAPTER 8. Social Power and the Construction of Crime: Conflict Theory

Forerunners of Conflict Theory

Theory in Context: The Turmoil of the 1960s

Advancing Conflict Theory: Turk, Chambliss, and Quinney

Conflict Theory and the Causes of Crime

Consequences of Conflict Theory

Conclusion

Further Readings

CHAPTER 9. The Variety of Critical Theory

Looking Back at Early British and European Influences

Early Left Realism

The New Criminology Revisited: A Shift in Context

Left Realism Today

Changing Social Context: 2015–2018

Early Cultural Criminology

Cultural Criminology Today

Green/Cultural Criminology

Convict/Cultural Criminology

New Directions in Criminological Theory: Death and the Birth of New Ideas

European Criminology

Conclusion

Further Readings

CHAPTER 10. The Gendering of Criminology: Feminist Theory

Background

Prefeminist Pioneers and Themes

The Emergence of New Questions: Bringing Women In

The Second Wave: From Women’s Emancipation to Patriarchy

Varieties of Feminist Thought

The Intersection of Race, Class, and Gender

Masculinities and Crime

Gendering Criminology

Postmodernist Feminism and the Third Wave Revisited

Consequences of Feminist Theory: Policy Implications

Conclusion

Further Readings

CHAPTER 11. Crimes of the Powerful: Theories of White-Collar Crime

The Discovery of White-Collar Crime: Edwin H. Sutherland

Organizational Culture

Organizational Strain and Opportunity

Deciding to Offend

State-Corporate Crime

Consequences of White-Collar Crime Theory: Policy Implications

Conclusion

Further Readings

CHAPTER 12. Bringing Punishment Back In: Conservative Criminology

Context: The United States of the 1980s and Early 1990s

A New Context in Four Parts: 2008 to 2019

Other Recent Changes in Context

Varieties of Conservative Theory

Crime and Human Nature: Wilson and Herrnstein

Crime and The Bell Curve: Herrnstein and Murray

The Criminal Mind

Choosing to Be Criminal: Crime Pays

Crime and Moral Poverty

Broken Windows: The Tolerance of Public Disorganization

Consequences of Conservative Theory: Policy Implications

Conclusion

Further Readings

CHAPTER 13. Choosing Crime in Everyday Life: Routine Activity and Rational Choice Theories

Routine Activity Theory: Opportunities and Crime

Rational Choice Theory

Perceptual Deterrence Theory

Situational Action Theory

Conclusion

Further Readings

CHAPTER 14. The Search for the “Criminal Man” Revisited: Biosocial Theories

Evolutionary Psychology: Darwin Revisited

Social Concern Theory: Evolutionary Psychology Revisited

Neuroscience: Neurological and Biochemical Theories

Genetics

Conclusion

Further Readings

CHAPTER 15. New Directions in Biosocial Theory: Perspectives and Policies

Biosocial Risk and Protective Factors

Environmental Toxins

The Consequences of Theory: Policy Implications

Conclusion

Further Readings

CHAPTER 16. The Development of Criminals: Life-Course Theories

Integrated Theories of Crime

Life-Course Criminology: Continuity and Change

Criminology in Crisis: Gottfredson and Hirschi Revisited

Patterson’s Social-Interactional Developmental Model

Moffitt’s Life-Course-Persistent/Adolescence-Limited Theory

Sampson and Laub: Social Bond Theory Revisited

Rethinking Crime: Cognitive Theories of Desistance

The Consequences of Theory: Policy Implications

Conclusion

Further Readings

References

Author Index

Subject Index

About the Authors

Tentang Penulis

Richard A. Ball is Professor Emeritus at Pennsylvania State University. He received his doctorate from Ohio State University in 1965. He served as Program Head for Administration of Justice for the 12-campus Commonwealth College of Penn State and earlier as Chair of the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at West Virginia University. Professor Ball has also been a member of a number of editorial boards and an officer in different professional organizations. He has authored several monographs on community power structure and on correctional issues, and he has coedited two books on white-collar crime. He has authored or coauthored more than 100 articles and book chapters, including articles in the American Journal of Corrections, American Sociological Review, The American Sociologist, British Journal of Social Psychiatry, Correctional Psychology, Crime and Delinquency, Criminology, Deviant Behavior, Federal Probation, International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, International Social Science Review, Journal of Communication, Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Journal of Small Business Management, Journal of Psychohistory, Justice Quarterly, Northern Kentucky Law Review, Qualitative Sociology, Rural Sociology, Social Forces, Social Problems, Sociological Focus, Sociological Symposium, Sociology and Social Welfare, Sociology of Work and Occupations, Urban Life, Victimology, and World Futures. He is Sage coauthor of House Arrest and Correctional Policy: Doing Time at Home (1988). His work extends beyond criminology to include philosophy, history, and cultural analysis as well as organizational dynamics and evaluation research. He has done cross-cultural field work, served as chief, Central Testing Branch, U.S. Army, and worked in both state and federal correctional institutions. In 1996, he collaborated on the production of the television documentary A Year and a Day dealing with prison history. His honors include the Outstanding Researcher Award at West Virginia University and the Outstanding Scholar Award at Penn State. In 2014, his name was engraved on the Scholars Wall at Potomac State College as one of eight graduates of Potomac State to be so honored during the 100-year history of the institution.