Yi Zeng & Jiehua Lu 
Trends and Determinants of Healthy Aging in China 

This book studies healthy aging in China based on analyses of the datasets of eight waves of longitudinal survey in 1998-2018 with worldwide largest sample of oldest-old. It consists of four parts. The first part reports the 6th, 7th, and 8th surveys of “Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey” (CLHLS), with the largest sample of oldest-old aged 80+ in the world and comparable sample of young-old aged 65–79, trends and characteristics of physical health and mental health of older adults in China based on analyses of the CLHLS datasets. The second part focuses on analyses and discussions of the influencing factors of healthy aging from perspectives of families, socioeconomics and community environments. The third part reports studies on the gender and age differences in main chronic diseases’ prevalence rates, inflammation, anti-oxidation, trace elements, effects of the nutritional dietary structure and the environmental selenium on health among the older adults. The fourth part focuses on the analyses and discussions of policy recommendations to face the serious challenges of the population aging in China and the database of the eight waves of CLHLS from 1998 to 2018, which are available free of charge to scholars, practitioners and general public for scientific research and socioeconomic planning. This book is easy to read and to understand by researchers and the general public, and no special professional background is required.

Daftar Isi

PART I.  TRENDS OF HEALTHY AGING IN CHINA





Chapter 1. Introduction to CLHLS Survey: the 6th and 7th Waves 


1.1 Introduction


1.2 Survey design and characteristics of the 6th wave in 2011 and 7th wave in 2014


1.3 Main contents of the survey


1.4 Data quality assessment






Chapter 2. Changes in Socioeconomic Status as Determinants of Health with Increase in Ages: Convergence or Divergence?


2.1 Introduction


2.2 Literature review and research design
2.3 Data and research methods

2.4 Research results


2.5 Conclusion






Chapter 3. The Age, Gender, Urban-Rural and Regional Differences in Dynamic Changes of Activity of Daily Living among the Chinese Oldest-old


3.1 Introduction


3.2 Basic information of respondents


3.3 Results of the analyses


3.4 Conclusion






Chapter 4. Trends of Dynamic Changes in Activities of Daily Living, Physical Performance, Cognitive Function and Mortality Rates among the Oldest-old in China


4.1 Introduction


4.2 Data and research methods 


4.3 Main research results


4.4 Conclusion


Appendix






Chapter 5. The Trends of Family Support for the Chinese Oldest-old


5.1 Introduction


5.2 Literature review of related research


5.3 Main data resource and research methods


5.4 Changes of family support to the oldest-old in different time periods


5.5 Changes of family support to the oldest-old from different cohorts


5.6 Conclusion






Chapter 6. Analysis on Trends of Future Home-based Care Needs and Costs for Elderly in China


6.1 Introduction


6.2 Basic theoretical framework and multistate projection model for home-based care needs and costs for the elderly 


6.3 Data sources, estimates and parameters assumptions


6.4 The projection results and discussions


6.5 Conclusion






PART II. DETERMINANTS OF HEALTHY AGING 






Chapter 7. The Impact of Empty-nested Living on Physical and Psychological Health among Chinese Elders
7.1 Introduction

7.2 Literature review


7.3 Research design


7.4 The results and findings


7.5 Conclusion






Chapter 8. The Motives and Mechanisms of Intergenerational Transfer to the Elderly Parents


8.1 Introduction


8.2 Literature review and research design


8.3 Data and research methods


8.4 Research findings


8.5 Conclusion






Chapter 9. Self-Assessment of Health and Life Satisfaction and the Determinants among Elderly


9.1 Introduction


9.2 Data and research methods


9.3 Key findings


9.4 Conclusion






Chapter 10. The Analysis on Gender Difference in Self-rated Health among Elderly in China


10.1 Introduction


10.2 Descriptive analysis


10.3 Multivariate statistical analysis


10.4 Decomposition analysis


10.5 Conclusion






Chapter 11. A Study on the Intensity of Care Needs among the Chinese Elderly


11.1 Introduction


11.2 Data and research methods


11.3 Key research results


11.4 Conclusion






Chapter 12. The Impacts of Universal Medical Insurance Coverage on Health Care Utilization, Financial Burden and Health Status among the Elderly


12.1 Introduction


12.2 Basic characteristics of the elderly


12.3 Changing trend of medical burden among the elderly


12.4 Changing trend of the medical expenses, health care utilization and health status of the elderly


12.5 Econometric model setup


12.6 The impacts of improved social security on health care utilization, financial burden and health status among the elderly


12.7 Conclusion


Appendix






Chapter 13. How Does the New Rural Pension Scheme Remold the Elder-care Pattern in Rural China?


13.1 Introduction


13.2 Literature review


13.3 Theoretical framework and empirical analysis approach


13.4 Data sources and descriptive statistics


13.5 Results of empirical analysis and discussion


13.6 Conclusion






Chapter 14. Effects of the New Rural Society Endowment Insurance Program on Intergenerational Transfer
14.1 Introduction

14.2 Literature review


14.3 Data and descriptive statistics


14.4 Econometric model setup


14.5 Result of empirical analysis


14.6 Conclusion


Appendix 1


Appendix 2






Chapter 15. Impacts of Changes in Living Arrangements on Elderly Mortality Risk


15.1 Introduction


15.2 Literature review


15.3 Data and research methods


15.4 results of the analysis


15.5 Conclusion






Chapter 16. Analysis on Influence Factors on Mortality Risk of the Elderly with Mild Cognitive Impairment


16.1 Introduction


16.2 Literature review


16.3 Data sources, research methods and measures


16.4 Key research findings


16.5 Conclusion






Chapter 17. Associations of Community Environmental Factors with Elderly Health and Mortality in China


17.1 Introduction


17.2 Data sources, variable definitions and research methods


17.3 Results of the analysis


17.4 Conclusion


Chapter 17 Appendix






Chapter 18. Effects of Interactions between Environmental and Genetic Factors on Health Aging: A Review on the Relevant Prior Research


18.1 Introduction


18.2 Literature review


18.3 An overview of our previous research


18.4 Conclusion






PART III. ANALYSES OF BIOMARKERS OF THE ELDERLY






Chapter 19. Chronic Diseases, Biomarkers and Their Influencing Factors in the Elderly


19.1 Introduction


19.2 Analysis on chronic diseases and related biomarkers of the elderly in the longevity regions


19.3 Influencing factors of the elderly’ chronic diseases


19.4 Relationship between the elderly’ dietary nutrition and health


19.5 Influencing factors of ADL in the elderly


19.6 Conclusion






Chapter 20. Cognitive Impairment and Biomarkers in the Older Adults


20.1 Introduction


20.2 Prevalence of cognitive impairment in the older adults


20.3 Biomarkers of cognitive impairment


20.4 Conclusion






Chapter 21. Mortality Risk and Biomarkers among the Oldest-old


21.1 Introduction


21.2 Mortality risk of the oldest-old


21.3 Analysis on biomarkers of mortality risk of the oldest-old


21.4 Conclusion






Chapter 22. Selenium and Healthy Aging


22.1 Introduction


22.2 Selenium level in the environment and in the elderly’s body


22.3 Selenium and cognitive function of the elderly


22.4 Selenium and hypertension


22.5 Selenium and dyslipidemia
22.6 Selenium and diabetes

22.7 Conclusion






PART IV. HEALTHY AGING RELATED POLICY ANALYSES






Chapter 23. Demand and Supply of Long-term Care among Elderly in Rural Areas of China and Policy Implications
23.1 Introduction

23.2 Demand of long-term care among elderly in rural areas


23.3 Supply of long-term care among elderly in rural areas


23.4 The impacts of social pension system on care for the elderly: would social pension insurance crowd out care from children?


23.5 Conclusion: policy recommendations




Chapter 24. Impacts of Childhood Socioeconomic Status on Health of Middle-aged and Elderly and Policy Implications


24.1 Introduction


24.2 Literature Review


24.3 Variables and research method


24.4 Analysis of the results


24.5 Conclusion: policy recommendation






Chapter 25. Pattern of Old-age Care in Rural China—Lessons Learned from Fieldworks in the Villages 388


25.1 Introduction


25.2 Research location and objects


25.3 Data and methods


25.4 Research results


25.5 Conclusion: policy recommendations






Chapter 26. Welfare Implications of Intergenerational Co-residence: Mutual Benefits for Older Adults and Their Children


26.1 Introduction


26.2 The impact of intergenerational co-residence on health among the elderly: mental consolation is more than physical caregiving


26.3 The impact of intergenerational co-residence on the female adult children labor force participation: elders are treasures in the family


26.4 Conclusion: policy recommendation of “bring the family back”






Chapter 27. Implementing the Universal Two-child Policy is Largely Beneficial for Facing the Serious Challenges of Population Aging in China


27.1 Introduction


27.2 The estimation and assumptions of parameters for the multistate family households projections


27.3 Impacts on population aging under different scenarios of fertility policies


27.4 Impacts on the other aspects under different scenarios of fertility policies


27.5 Policy recommendations: urge for the full implementation of “universal two-child policy”






Chapter 28. Integrate Administrations of Health, Family Planning, and Population Aging, to Promote Well-being of Billions Families


28.1 Introduction


28.2 The trend of household miniaturization and structural change


28.3 The impacts of household miniaturization on population aging and energy consumption


28.4 Policy recommendations: urge for the integration of health, family planning and population aging administrations


Closing Remarks: Further Study Prospects






Appendix 1 Data Quality Assessment of the 6th and 7th Waves of CLHLS Survey


Appendix 2 Summary Notes of the Domestic Seminars and Training Workshops


Appendix 3 Summary Notes of the International Seminars






Bibliography






3.3 Author information 


Please state details of your area of work, honors, etc. It is appreciated if authors‘ biography or CV can be provided, containing the paper publication records as well as book publication records. Please highlight the publications related with the envisaged book. 


— The CVs of the 4 main authors (i.e editors) Yi Zeng, Jiehua Lu, Xiaoyan Lei and Xiaoming Shi are attached.

Tentang Penulis

Yi Zeng is a professor of National School of Development and honorary director of Center for Healthy Aging and Development, Peking University. He is also a professor at the Center for Study of Aging and Human Development and Geriatric Division of School of Medicine, Duke University. He is a member of The World Academy of Sciences for the advancement of science in developing countries, and a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. He received his Ph.D. with Summa Cum Laude from Brussels Free University (1986) and pursued research as Post-doctoral Fellow at Princeton University (1986-87). Up to November, 2021, he has published 388 professional articles in domestic and international journals or as book chapters. He has published thirtyone academic books, including eleven books in English and 20 books in Chinese. Yi Zeng has been awarded four international academic prizes and eleven national academic prizes of China, such as: The International Union for Scientific Studies of Populations (IUSSP) 2021 Laureate which is awarded to one scholar annually worldwide, the Dorothy Thomas Prize of the Population Association of America, the Harold D. Lasswell Prize in Policy Science awarded by the journal Policy Sciences and Kluwer Academic Publishers, the best paper Award of American Journal of Public Health, the national prizes for advancement of science and technology, the highest academic honor of Peking University: ‘Prize for Outstanding Contributions in Sciences, ‘ and the national “Chinese Population Prize (Science and Technology).” In 2019, he received “National Medal of Outstanding Contributions” awarded by the Central Government of China.
Jiehua Lu is a professor of Department of Sociology and deputy director of Center for Healthy Aging and Development Studies at Peking University. He also serves as the vice president of Chinese Population Association and of vice president of Chinese Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics. He received his Ph.D. in Demography from Peking University (1997). His research areas include demography, gerontology, economics of population, and interaction between population and environment. He has been the principal investigator for over ten key projects and published over 70 peer-reviewed journal articles, such as “Chinese Women’s Family Status: Analysis of Chinese Decennial Survey, 1990–2010, ” “Determinants Affecting Longevity at County Level in China, ” “Patterns of living arrangements of the elderly in Mainland China: changes, consequences and policy implications, ” etc. He authored/co-authored in over ten book chapters and books, such as ‘Chapter 3: Changing Patterns of Marriage and Divorce in Today’s China, ‘ Isabelle and Gu, Baochang (eds.), Analyzing China’s Population: Social Change in a New Demographic Era. Berlin: Springer.
Xiaoyan Lei is a professor at National School of Development and the director of Center for Healthy Aging and Development at Peking University (PKU) in China. She also serves as the deputy director of PKU Center for Human Capital and National Policy, China. She is the editor of renowned publications such as China Economic Quarterly,  Journal of Economics of Aging, and Journal of Health Economics. She received her Ph.D. in Economics from University of California, Los Angeles, USA (2007). Her areas of research interests include labor economics, health economics, the economics of aging and applied econometrics. She has been awarded many prizes, such as “Chinese Ministry of Education Yangtze River Young Scholar, PKU Boya Young Scholar” (2019), “China Medical Science and Technology Second Award” (2018), “Excellent Research in Art and Social Science, Peking University” (2013–2014), etc. She has published over 40 peer-reviewed journal articles and authored/co-authored in many book chapters and books. One of her recent co-authored paper entitled “New trends in population aging and challenges for China’s sustainable development” has published in China Economic Journal in 2020. 
Xiaoming Shi is a professor and the director of the National Institute of Environmental Health (NIEH) at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC). He received his MD from Anhui Medical University of China (1999) and Ph.D. in Epidemiology and Health Statistics from China CDC (2005). He joined the branch of Infectious Disease Surveillance at China CDC in 2005 and then worked as the head of the Branch of Monitoring and Evaluation, Division of Chronic Diseases Control and Community Health at China CDC. Since 2015, he was appointed as the director of NIEH at China CDC. His research has focused on the determinants of health and longevity, risk assessments of air pollution, heavy metals and other environmental exposures, etc. He has extensive experiences working with numerous chronic diseases and aging studies in Chinese populations. He has published over 190 peer-reviewed journal articles and authored/co-authored in over ten book chapters and books. He is also the editor of many renowned publications such as Global Health Journal and Journal of Environmental & Occupational Medicine.