Herbert Hoijtink 
Informative Hypotheses 
Theory and Practice for Behavioral and Social Scientists

When scientists formulate their theories, expectations, and hypotheses, they often use statements like: “I expect mean A to be bigger than means B and C’; “I expect that the relation between Y and both X1 and X2 is positive’; and “I expect the relation between Y and X1 to be stronger than the relation between Y and X2′. Stated otherwise, they fo