Anton Shekhovtsov 
Russian Political Warfare 
Essays on Kremlin Propaganda in Europe and the Neighbourhood, 2020-2023 With a foreword by Nathalie Loiseau

Political warfare is a grey area between peace and war. It involves a diverse array of methods and instruments that go beyond traditional diplomacy and soft power but stops short of open kinetic conflict using nations’ regular armed forces. This collection of Anton Shekhovtsov’s essays delves into practices of Russian political warfare designed to advance Moscow’s strategic and tactical objectives in European countries and certain African states. It reveals how Russian state actors and pro-regime stakeholders meddled in elections, politicised and weaponised the COVID-19 pandemic, amplified religious conflicts, undermined democratic institutions, and corrupted political forces.

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Nathalie Loiseau, MEP, is a member of the Renew Europe Group, Chair of the Subcommittee on Security and Defence of the European Parliament, and former Minister for European Affairs of France (2017-2019).